Lima karakteristik dasar revolusi industri baru/manufaktur cerdas

Revolusi industri baru akan segera tiba. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, banyak negara telah mengajukan strategi pengembangan transformasi dan peningkatan industri mereka sendiri serta strategi penamaan. Misalnya, Jerman menyebutnya Industri 4.0, Tiongkok menyebutnya manufaktur cerdas, dan sebagainya. Namun, selalu ada perbedaan pendapat tentang konotasi dan karakteristik dasar dari revolusi industri baru yang ditandai dengan kecerdasan yang menyebar ke seluruh dunia ini, dan masing-masing memiliki penafsirannya sendiri. Mengenai manufaktur cerdas, ada banyak definisi, masing-masing dengan asal-usulnya sendiri. Jika kita tidak dapat memahami era baru ini dengan jelas dan memahami revolusi industri secara akurat,/Tanpa karakteristik dasar manufaktur cerdas, akan sulit untuk benar-benar dan efektif mendorong pembangunan infrastruktur revolusi industri baru dan menerapkan manufaktur cerdas di perusahaan.

The author sorted out the connotation of the new industrial revolution and summarized its five basic characteristics:
⑴ "Human wisdom" changes to "wit";
⑵ Sensor tersedia secara luas dengan harga murah;
⑶Software-defined manufacturing;
⑷True integration of informatization and informatization (software closed loop);
⑸ Mengoptimalkan alokasi sumber daya manufaktur dalam skala besar.Mereka akan diperkenalkan secara terpisah di bawah ini.

1. "Human wisdom" turns into "wit"

Pengetahuan manusia terus masuk ke dalam perangkat lunak, media penyimpanan pengetahuan bergeser dari pengetahuan berbasis karbon ke pengetahuan berbasis silikon, dan produktivitas digital meningkat pesat.

Smart manufacturing is not an enigmatic and difficult-to-understand term. In layman's terms, the so-called intelligent manufacturing is a process of "human intelligence becomes intelligent" - that is, human intelligence (referred to as "human intelligence") is refined from tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge, modeled and algorithmized, and then various modeled knowledge (mechanical models, data analysis models, etc.) are embedded into software, the software is embedded into chips, and the chips are embedded into a box./modul, lalu letakkanKotak/The module is embedded in the physical device, thereby giving the machine a certain degree of autonomy and giving the machine a certain degree of "intelligence" (referred to as "wit"). We call this process "empowerment."

In this way, the machine has a certain degree of human thinking ability with the support of software. When the software algorithm is better, the chip computing power is stronger, and the more industrial data is, the higher the degree of "witness" will be. Therefore, when the "wit" reaches a certain level, it will have the ability to partially or completely replace the human body./Fungsi otak manusia. ketika tubuh manusia/Setelah otak manusia meninggalkan siklus sistem di tempat kerja, mesin masih dapat bekerja secara otonom seperti manusia di lokasi tanpa partisipasi manusia. Bahkan dapat bekerja lebih baik, mengoptimalkan alokasi sumber daya manufaktur. Seperti yang ditunjukkan pada gambar.1ditampilkan.

gambar1 The process of turning "human intelligence" into "witness"

This kind of manufacturing activity that turns "human intelligence" into "witness" is what the author calls intelligent manufacturing. It is not difficult to see from the above description process that the key enabling element is industrial software.

Industrial software is the top product of industrialization. it encapsulates industrial technology/Pengetahuan telah menetapkan sistem aturan aliran data otomatis dan membangun otak serta saraf mesin, sehingga mesin menjadi lebih cerdas dan fungsinya dapat disesuaikan kapan saja. Perangkat lunak industri mendeskripsikan, mengintegrasikan, mensimulasikan, mempercepat, memperkuat, mengoptimalkan, dan menginovasi proses manufaktur tradisional, membentuk model kecerdasan industri baru—manufaktur yang ditentukan perangkat lunak.

The first and second industrial revolutions greatly liberated the human body. The third industrial revolution has greatly liberated the human brain. The principle of liberating the human brain is that a large amount of "human intelligence" enters the software. Therefore, digital software as a means of R&D and management has brought about revolutionary changes in product R&D and management, with new concepts such as digital twins and data analysis models emerging one after another; at the same time, digital software on the products themselves has brought about revolutionary changes in machines.40In machines years ago, apart from the power cord, there were very few wires on the equipment. In today's equipment, a large number of wires have appeared, and these wires are connected to certain boxes on the machine. Inside these boxes, there are multi-layer circuit boards and a large number of chips. The chips run software, and the software contains a large amount of "human intelligence", and these "human intelligence" have been transformed into "wit".

If more "human intelligence" can be transformed into "wit" and traditional machines can be transformed into "intelligent machines", if more autonomous and controllable machines can be developed,Perangkat lunak industri, if industrial technology/Jika pengetahuan dapat lebih berbasis perangkat lunak, maka akan memungkinkan untuk membebaskan sejumlah besar teknisi berbasis pengetahuan dari pekerjaan berulang, membiarkan mesin menghasilkan produk, dan membiarkan teknisi yang dibebaskan tersebut menghasilkan pengetahuan dan mengelola mesin dengan lebih mudah. ​​Hal ini dapat mewujudkan pembagian kerja kembali antara manusia dan mesin serta mewujudkan teknologi industri./The continuous accumulation and inheritance of knowledge enable enterprises to achieve sustainable and high-quality development.

2. Sensor tersedia secara luas dengan harga rendah.

Sensors add "five senses" to machines, greatly enhancing the machine's ability to perceive the state of the environment, and accelerating the digitization of physical space information.

Mesin tidak dapat menjadi mesin cerdas tanpa "kesadaran akan keadaan".(Sekalipun "kesadaran akan keadaan" tercapai, kondisi lain harus dipenuhi untuk mencapainya. Untuk mencapai "kesadaran akan status", berbagai "perangkat penginderaan" diperlukan. Baik itu manufaktur cerdas, industri4.0Internet Industri atau Internet of Things semuanya tidak dapat dipisahkan dari berbagai sensor.

The sensor is made of national standardGB7665-87To standardize and define: "A device or device that can sense the specified measured value and convert it into a usable output signal according to certain rules, usually composed of sensitive components and conversion components." The "available output signal" refers to an electrical signal that is easy to process and transmit. Generally, sensors are composed of three parts: sensitive components, conversion components and conversion circuits.

Komponen sensitif, which is the "substance with sensing function" as the "effect substance" of the "sensing device". Therefore, sensors are developed from "effect substances" that have "substances with sensing functions".Tanpa efek ilmiah (efek fisik, efek kimia, dll.) pada zat sebagai perangkat penginderaan, maka tidak akan ada sensor..

Sensor umum meliputi sensor peka panas, sensor peka cahaya, sensor peka suhu, sensor peka gaya, sensor peka gas, sensor peka kelembaban, sensor peka suara, sensor magnetik, sensor peka rasa, dan sensor peka radiasi, dengan total sepuluh kategori. Berbagai sensor ditunjukkan pada gambar.2ditampilkan.

Gambar 2   Berbagai sensor

(gambar dari internet)Perkembangan Industrial Internet/Industrial Internet of Things dalam beberapa tahun terakhir telah membuktikan bahwa kombinasi mesin dan peralatan berkinerja tinggi, sensor berbiaya rendah, jaringan industri, internet, dan teknologi pengumpulan dan analisis big data industri dapat secara efektif meningkatkan efisiensi dan efektivitas industri yang ada serta menghasilkan teknologi baru, model baru, dan format bisnis baru. Salah satu faktor kuncinya adalah sensor berbiaya rendah. Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, teknologi sensor telah mencapai perkembangan yang pesat. Sensor baru bermunculan satu demi satu, biaya terus menurun, dan kinerja terus meningkat. Hal ini telah menjadi norma penelitian dan pengembangan di industri sensor. Justru karena biaya sensor terus menurun dan telah mencapai batas biaya yang dapat diterapkan dalam skala besar, maka penerapan sensor skala besar dapat menjadi pilihan perusahaan.

GEThe company has a lot of experience it can learn from in terms of sensor applications. As early as2005Tahun,GEIts aircraft engine company was reorganized intoGEAviation has begun to change its business model. The company's original business was only the production of aero engines. Later, it installed numerous sensors on aircraft to collect various parameters of the aircraft in real time. It used big data analysis technology to provide airlines with a complete set of solutions for operation and maintenance management, capacity assurance, operation optimization and financial planning, as well as various services such as safety controls and navigation predictions, which produced good economic benefits for the company.

Ambil contoh Alitalia,GERatusan sensor dipasang di setiap pesawat mereka, yang dapat mengumpulkan banyak data seperti pengoperasian mesin, suhu, dan konsumsi bahan bakar secara real-time, dan digunakanGEAfter massive analysis by the software, Alitalia can accurately provide the ideal control method.145Menaiki pesawat terbang menghemat uang selama satu tahun.1500Ribuan dolar biaya bahan bakar. Melalui data ini, kemungkinan kegagalan mesin juga dapat diprediksi sebelumnya, dan perawatan pencegahan proaktif dapat dilakukan untuk menghindari penundaan penerbangan, peningkatan biaya, dan bahkan kecelakaan keselamatan yang lebih besar yang disebabkan oleh kegagalan mesin.

2013Tahun1bulan,GEIn a New York battery manufacturer, a total of1Lebih dari 10,000 sensor digunakan untuk memantau data seperti suhu, konsumsi energi, dan tekanan udara selama produksi, dan manajer pabrik dapat menggunakannya.iPadDapatkan data ini untuk memantau produksi dan mengoptimalkan alokasi sumber daya produksi secara efektif.

Popularisasi sensor berbiaya rendah tanpa diragukan lagi telah menurunkan ambang biaya yang sangat besar untuk revolusi industri baru. Hal ini telah membangun jembatan pelangi dari ruang fisik ke ruang digital, memungkinkan informasi spasial-temporal untuk terus menerus diubah menjadi aliran data bit.

3. Manufaktur berbasis perangkat lunak

Perangkat lunak industri menjadi otak mesin, algoritma/Daya komputasi meningkat secara dramatis, perangkat lunak mendefinisikan material./Komponen/The spatial and temporal representation of the system.

Although software is studied as a relatively independent major in many universities and scientific research units, the author believes that studying software alone can easily break away from the hardware foundation on which the software runs.datakepengambilan keputusanThe physical device controlled. Because software has never been an artifact that only has "computing" properties.

Rather, it is an artifact with a more important "control" attribute..Sebagai media digital yang terintegrasi tinggi untuk mentransfer data, informasi, dan pengetahuan, perangkat lunakMust survive and run in the chip.Perangkat lunak dan chip membentuk hubungan simbiosis.. The function and performance of the chip restrict the running speed of the software and the definable"kemampuan", dan instruksi terprogram dari perangkat lunak terus-menerus menggerakkan sirkuit gerbang dan transistor efek medan di dalam chip untuk beroperasi "aktif" dan "nonaktif",karena ituSejak awal penciptaannya, perangkat lunak ini memiliki "akurasi" untuk mengendalikan chip tersebut.CPS"feature.

The relationship between software and chips is also subtle and constantly changing. In the past, software had to adapt to the chip, and software had to be developed based on the constraints of the chip; today, chips are often designed to run the software better and maximize software performance, that is, chips are developed based on software requirements.

Pertama-tama, chip memiliki fungsi untuk "menampung, menghitung, dan menyimpan" perangkat lunak, dan perangkat lunak memiliki fungsi untuk "menampung, menghitung, dan menyimpan" chip."Penugasan, pemberdayaan, kebijaksanaan"peran. Hanya ketika keunggulan masing-masing perangkat lunak dan chip dipadukan, manfaat terbaik dapat dicapai. Perangkat lunak dan chip bersama-sama membentuk fusi, sebuah "kuasi-CPSSulit untuk mengatakan siapa yang "mendefinisikan" siapa. Tetapi dua poin jelas: perangkat lunak adalah target dari daya komputasi yang kuat dari chip. Tanpa dukungan daya komputasi yang kuat dari chip, sulit bagi perangkat lunak untuk "memberdayakan" entitas fisik./The role of "empowering intelligence"; human knowledge contained in software is the source of "intelligence" of artificial systems. Without the logical guidance of various models and algorithmic knowledge in software, the powerful computing power of the chip will lose its use, and it will also be unable to form "empowerment" of physical entities./"Intelligence" function.

Secondly, the decisions and data generated by the software have precise control over the physical equipment.

byCPUAmbil contoh transistor efek medan pada rangkaian gerbang. Digerakkan oleh instruksi digital perangkat lunak, level tinggi (pada/current) is1, low level (off/breaking current) is0, sehingga transistor efek medan terus-menerus "menyala" pada kecepatan yang sangat tinggi./The calculation is performed in the "off" state, and finally a group of gate circuits output a series of "off" states formed after calculation.1/0"Data bit biner yang telah disusun ini dapat digunakan untuk menggerakkan perangkat tampilan (seperti berbagai layar tampilan), atau dapat digunakan untuk menggerakkan pengontrol pada perangkat fisik agar mesin atau produk dapat beroperasi secara akurat, sehingga mencerminkan kendali perangkat lunak atas chip, periferal, dan perangkat fisik."

Early software was only used on computers, and the scope of the hardware only included some external devices such as display and printing. The results of the software operation only needed to be displayed on the hardware screen, which might be display data, curves or surfaces, or images or sounds. However, these calculation results did not need to form a "closed loop", as long as they could assist people in making decisions. Today, the scope of hardware has expanded to all industrial equipment connected to computers. The results of software operation are used to drive physical equipment and form a "closed loop" with the physical equipment (see the next section). That is, every subtle movement of the physical equipment is sensed and fed back to the software through sensors. The software performs calculations based on the "at this moment" working scenario of the physical equipment, makes decisions based on the embedded mechanism model or reasoning rules, and gives the next optimized and most accurate action instructions for the physical equipment. Therefore, the relationship between software, chips, and industrial equipment has become real-time, close, and colorful.

Perangkat lunak tersebut melakukan perhitungan dari chip penggerak, "perangkat lunak"+Chips drive the operation of computer peripherals and develop into software+"Chip" menggerakkan peralatan fisik industri dan kembaran digitalnya agar beroperasi secara akurat, menjadikan perangkat lunak memainkan peran "penentu" yang sangat penting dalam peralatan fisik.Software definition has now become a technical phenomenon in the manufacturing industry: software not only defines parts, materials, but also products, tooling, processes, assembly, production lines, production processes, supply chains, product usage scenarios, product maintenance and upgrades, customers, sales, enterprises, and everything that can be defined.

4. Integrasi sejati antara informatisasi dan informatisasi (siklus tertutup perangkat lunak)

Bit merangkul atom,ITbergandengan tanganOT, Cyber ​​integrates physics, and the digital instructions given by industrial software accurately control physical equipment across time and space.

Model Kecerdasan Tiga Tubuh dari Revolusi Kecerdasan Tiga Tubuh"The two big cycles in the software have given us a good inspiration: we should re-understand software from the basic role of knowledge generation and knowledge flow, and understand why today's software is "closed loop".Physical entity→Conscious human body→Digital virtual body→Physical entityThis great cycle has clearly told us that in the past hundreds of thousands of years of interaction with the physical world, humans have accumulated a large amount of knowledge about understanding and transforming the world. When the interaction of two bodies (physical entity, conscious human body) evolves into the interaction of three bodies, the monotonous situation of "two bodies with one interface" has changed dramatically, turning into the complex situation of "three bodies with three interfaces".

Physical entity→Conscious human body→Digital virtual body→Physical entityThe big cycle is actually a particularly important knowledge cycle. It forms a closed loop for software and is the only way to move from conventional software to industrial software. It is also the origin of the connotation of software definition.

Dengan menggabungkan pandangan yang dikemukakan oleh Dr. An Xiaopeng, anggota eksekutif Konferensi 100 Teknologi Informasi, dalam artikel "Industri Masa Depan dari Perspektif Perangkat Lunak", penulis memberikan sebuah siklus tertutup logis untuk mewujudkan pemberdayaan dan pengaktifan perangkat lunak berdasarkan siklus aliran pengetahuan dari model cerdas tiga tubuh: operasi dunia fisik → regularisasi operasi (dipetakan ke aktivitas kesadaran manusia) → pemodelan reguler → algoritmikisasi model → pengkodean algoritma (memasuki tubuh virtual digital) → perangkat lunakisasi kode → optimasi perangkat lunak dari operasi dunia fisik (dan perilaku manusia), seperti yang ditunjukkan pada gambar.3ditampilkan.

gambar3 Dari model cerdas tiga badan ke model yang ditentukan perangkat lunak.

dalam gambar3In a logical closed loop, we sort out and summarize the knowledge accumulated by humans in the long-term interaction with the physical world, find the operating rules of the physical world (including materials, equipment, etc.), and then digitize this knowledge, establish rules for the automatic flow of bit data based on industrial software, and then use the automatically flowing bit data to This knowledge is carried and transported to wherever needed, thus guiding machines or people with correct and ubiquitous knowledge. Under the uncertainty inside and outside the system, complex work scenarios and given resource constraints, through continuous repetition of the intelligent process of "state awareness, real-time analysis, autonomous decision-making, precise execution, and learning improvement",Berikan data yang tepat, dalam versi yang tepat, kepada orang dan mesin yang tepat pada waktu yang tepat, sehingga Anda dapat melakukan berbagai hal dengan benar dan optimal sejak pertama kali, dan bahkan melakukannya dengan lebih baik di lain waktu..(pengarang1997Year Translation Boeing CompanyadaDCAC/MRMProject information, including "4individubenar":data yang benar,versi yang benar,tepat waktu,orang yang tepat,Compiled from its original meaning)

Memasuki dunia virtual digital dengan pengetahuan manusia, menggunakan virtualitas digital sebagai konotasi dasar definisi perangkat lunak, menekankan karakteristik "loop tertutup" dari perangkat lunak saat ini yang berbeda dari perangkat lunak tradisional - mengontrol secara akurat bentuk peralatan mesin dan struktur mikro material dengan aliran data bit yang ditentukan perangkat lunak adalah inti dari manufaktur cerdas. Perangkat lunak saat ini tidak lagi hanya tampak membantu pengambilan keputusan manusia, tetapi secara otonom, melampaui tubuh manusia./The human brain directly drives the operation of physical devices.

Sistem tertutup perangkat lunak membentuk integrasi sejati antara informatisasi dan informatisasi, menciptakan manufaktur cerdas./Enabling technologies for the industrial InternetCPS(Sistem siberfisika). Di bawah pengaruh definisi perangkat lunak,CPSIt can accurately control the position of each material atom and the relative position between atoms (lattice), accurately control each molded part and the relative position between each part, and accurately control the operation, cycle, time and energy consumption of each machine and equipment. This has become the most important purpose of the new industrial revolution.

5. Optimize the allocation of manufacturing resources on a large scale

Based on the industrial Internet, we can realize the optimal allocation of manufacturing resources in multiple domains instead of a single domain, and in a large scale instead of a small scale.

ada2017Tahun11bulan27The State Council of Japan issued "On deepening the "Internet+"Pedoman Pengembangan Internet Industri untuk Industri Manufaktur Maju" menyatakan: "The Industrial Internet is a new industrial revolution characterized by digitization, networking, and intelligence.infrastruktur kritis, mempercepat perkembangannyaKondusif untuk mempercepat pengembangan manufaktur cerdas., with greater range, higher efficiency, and more precisionOptimize production and service resource allocation, mendorong transformasi dan peningkatan industri tradisional, memunculkan teknologi baru, format bisnis baru, dan model baru, serta memberikan momentum baru untuk pembangunan kekuatan manufaktur.

"di masa lalu20In 2016, companies implemented many digital/Proyek transformasi informasi telah menggabungkan banyak sistem informasi perusahaan, tetapi ruang lingkup tindakannya seringkali "satu pabrik, satu bengkel," dan alokasi sumber daya manufaktur yang optimal terbatas pada wilayah lokal./within the small scope of this enterprise. For manufacturing resources that require large-scale configuration optimization, there are often no good solutions due to severe time and space constraints.

Tujuan dari Industrial Internet adalah untuk mencapai "skala yang lebih besar, efisiensi yang lebih tinggi, dan ketelitian yang lebih tinggi".Optimize production and service resource allocation"The new industrial network born out of "is the key infrastructure for the implementation of intelligent manufacturing. The Industrial Internet helps enterprises to break through theThe invisible, intangible, and insurmountable "wall" between the physical world and the digital world has broken through the time and space limitations that severely restricted enterprises in the past.

Platform cloud industri merupakan tahap awal dan bentuk dasar dari internet industri.Gradually running the enterprise's R&D tools, core business systems, key equipment, etc. on the cloud can maximize the convenience of integration between various systems under a unified cloud architecture, allowing data to flow smoothly and automatically between various systems through the cloud, promoting mutual interconnection and interoperability. This can not only effectively improve operational efficiency and implement refined management, but also optimize the allocation of enterprise resources within a wide range, thereby generating economic benefits and comprehensively improving the overall management level of the enterprise. Nowadays, most industrial Internet platforms are installed on private clouds, public clouds or hybrid clouds.

When more and more industrial elements enter the Industrial Internet, most supply chains will also become part of the Industrial Internet. according toIBMA report released shows that in the "software-defined supply chain" environment, under the industrial Internet platform and industrialAPPDengan dukungan dari90%, business operation and management costs are greatly reduced.

The industrial Internet has been used to connect industrial elements on a large scale and has achieved many tangible results: For example, the "New Energy Industry Industrial Internet Platform" developed by Qinghai Guodian Green Energy Company accesses data every second at the perception layer.Sekitar 3600 item,28Pembangkit listrik terhubung ke platform dan mewujudkan prinsip "tidak ada petugas yang bertugas dan hanya sedikit petugas yang bertugas" melalui pemantauan terpusat, sehingga menghemat biaya personel operasional bagi perusahaan pembangkit listrik.40%;Youye Company is a company in Shandong that produces30010,000 tons of steel enterprises have implementedDari segi halIndustrial Internet platform, one year saved4000Sepuluh ribu yuan;Oriental Guoxin Company will domestic1000di dalam tanur tinggi pembuatan besi310Basis ini terhubung ke platform interkoneksi cerdas big data pembuatan besi untuk mengurangi konsumsi energi peleburan.3% ~ 10%,Improve labor productivity5%Di atas, kurangi kecelakaan keselamatan.60%; After Shugen Internet implemented the Genyun Industrial Internet platform for an injection molding machine equipment manufacturing company, the factory’s equipment failure was “discovered.-Periode "respons" dimulai dari1jam dan lebih dikurangi menjadi15Dalam hitungan menit, perpendek waktu respons.75%, waktu kedatangan dipersingkat50%serta memberikan transparansi kepada pelanggan dalam proses pengolahan untuk meningkatkan kepuasan pelanggan.50%Above; Qujing Cigarette Factory builds a cigarette digital factory based on Hualong Schindler’s Jupiter Industrial Internet platform, with an effective operation rate from89%naik ke96%Persediaan suku cadang menyerap dana dari1.2100 juta/tahun jatuh ke0.38100 juta/year, every100Biaya produksi 10,000 kotak besar lebih rendah daripada biaya produksi perusahaan dengan ukuran yang sama.0.6100 juta/Tahun;Beijing Zhitong Company implemented Zhitong Industrial Internet for a dairy group to improve machine efficiency.15%Dengan demikian, penelusuran kualitas dikurangi dari berjam-jam menjadi menit, dan efektivitas analisis kualitas meningkat.50%, the number of statistical inspection personnel in the workshop decreased50%Pengurangan tenaga kerja produksi dan pencatatan80%, dll.

Keterkaitan faktor-faktor industri berskala besar memberi perusahaan kemungkinan untuk mengoptimalkan alokasi sumber daya manufaktur pada tingkat sistem yang besar, sehingga memperoleh kemampuan manajemen dan pengendalian perusahaan yang lebih baik, yang secara efektif mendorong transformasi dan peningkatan perusahaan.

6. Ringkasan

The new industrial revolution marked by intelligence has brought unprecedented opportunities to global industrial transformation and upgrading, provided a huge driving force, created countless new technologies, new models and new business formats, and also produced many characteristics of the new industrial era.

Berdasarkan pengamatan penulis selama beberapa tahun dan penelusuran yang cermat terhadap revolusi industri baru di banyak negara, saya menemukan bahwa banyak karakteristik era industri baru, yang jumlahnya ratusan, dapat dirangkum menjadi lima hal berikut:
⑴ "Human intelligence" turns to "wit" - human knowledge continues to enter software, the knowledge carrier shifts from mainly carbon-based knowledge to mainly silicon-based knowledge, and digital productivity surges;
⑵ Biaya rendah dan popularisasi sensor - sensor menambahkan "fitur" pada mesin, sangat meningkatkan kemampuan persepsi mesin, dan mempercepat digitalisasi informasi ruang fisik;
⑶Software-defined manufacturing - industrial software becomes the brain and algorithm of the machine/Daya komputasi meningkat secara dramatis, perangkat lunak mendefinisikan material./Komponen/representasi spasial-temporal dari sistem;
⑷True integration of the two (software closed loop) - bits embrace atoms,ITbergandengan tanganOTDalam fisika fusi siber, instruksi digital yang diberikan oleh perangkat lunak secara akurat mengontrol peralatan fisik di berbagai ruang dan waktu;
⑸ Optimize the allocation of manufacturing resources on a large scale - based on the industrial Internet, realize the optimal allocation of manufacturing resources in multiple domains instead of a single domain, and in a large scale rather than a small scale.

Without clarifying the basic characteristics of the new industrial revolution, smart manufacturing cannot be implemented in enterprises. A clear understanding of the above five basic characteristics can allow companies to enter the fast lane of intelligent manufacturing as soon as possible.

Artikel ini disalin dari "Zhao Min", mendukung perlindungan hak kekayaan intelektual, mohon sebutkan sumber asli dan penulis saat mencetak ulang. Jika ada pelanggaran, silakan hubungi kami untuk menghapusnya."