新工业革命/智能制造的五大基本特征

新一轮工业革命即将到来。近年来，许多国家都提出了各自的产业转型升级发展战略和命名策略。例如，德国称之为工业4.0，中国称之为智能制造等等。然而，对于这场席卷全球、以智能为标志的新一轮工业革命的基本内涵和特征，一直存在着不同的观点，并且各自都有不同的表述。关于智能制造，更是有多种定义，每种定义都有其自身的起源。如果我们不能清晰地理解这个新时代，准确把握这场工业革命，/如果没有智能制造的基本特征，就很难真正有效地推进新工业革命的基础设施建设，也很难在企业中实现智能制造。

作者梳理了新工业革命的内涵，并总结了其五大基本特征：
⑴ “人类智慧”变为“机智”；
⑵ Sensors are widely available at low prices;
⑶软件定义制造；
⑷信息化与信息化的真正融合（软件闭环）；
⑸ 大规模优化制造资源的配置。下面将分别介绍它们。

1. "Human wisdom" turns into "wit"

Human knowledge continues to enter software, the knowledge carrier shifts from carbon-based knowledge to silicon-based knowledge, and digital productivity surges.

智能制造并非一个晦涩难懂的术语。通俗地说，所谓的智能制造就是“人类智能变得智能”的过程——也就是说，将人类智能（简称“人类智能”）从隐性知识提炼为显性知识，进行建模和算法化，然后将各种建模知识（机械模型、数据分析模型等）嵌入软件，软件嵌入芯片，芯片最终集成到设备中。/模块，然后放入盒子/The module is embedded in the physical device, thereby giving the machine a certain degree of autonomy and giving the machine a certain degree of "intelligence" (referred to as "wit"). We call this process "empowerment."

这样一来，在软件的支持下，机器就具备了一定程度的人类思维能力。软件算法越优化，芯片计算能力越强，工业数据越多，机器的“感知”程度就越高。因此，当“感知”达到一定水平时，机器就有能力部分或完全替代人体。/Functions of the human brain. when human body/当人脑退出工作场景的系统循环后，机器仍然可以像人一样在现场自主工作，无需人工干预。它甚至可以做得更好，优化生产资源的配置。如图所示。1所示。

图片1 The process of turning "human intelligence" into "witness"

作者将这种将“人类智能”转化为“见证”的制造活动称为智能制造。从上述描述过程中不难看出，关键的使能要素是工业软件。

Industrial software is the top product of industrialization. it encapsulates industrial technology/Knowledge has established an automatic data flow rule system and built the brain and nerves of the machine, so the machine becomes smarter and its functions can be adjusted at any time. Industrial software describes, integrates, simulates, accelerates, amplifies, optimizes, and innovates traditional manufacturing processes, forming a new industrial intelligence model—software-defined manufacturing.

The first and second industrial revolutions greatly liberated the human body. The third industrial revolution has greatly liberated the human brain. The principle of liberating the human brain is that a large amount of "human intelligence" enters the software. Therefore, digital software as a means of R&D and management has brought about revolutionary changes in product R&D and management, with new concepts such as digital twins and data analysis models emerging one after another; at the same time, digital software on the products themselves has brought about revolutionary changes in machines.40In machines years ago, apart from the power cord, there were very few wires on the equipment. In today's equipment, a large number of wires have appeared, and these wires are connected to certain boxes on the machine. Inside these boxes, there are multi-layer circuit boards and a large number of chips. The chips run software, and the software contains a large amount of "human intelligence", and these "human intelligence" have been transformed into "wit".

如果能将更多的“人类智能”转化为“智慧”，将传统机器转化为“智能机器”，如果能开发出更多自主可控的机器，工业软件如果工业技术/如果知识能够更多地基于软件，就有可能将大量知识型技术人员从重复性劳动中解放出来，让机器生产产品，而解放出来的技术人员则可以更轻松地生产知识和管理机器。这可以实现人机劳动分工的重新划分，并最终实现工业技术。/The continuous accumulation and inheritance of knowledge enable enterprises to achieve sustainable and high-quality development.

2. Sensors are widely available at low prices

Sensors add "five senses" to machines, greatly enhancing the machine's ability to perceive the state of the environment, and accelerating the digitization of physical space information.

Machines cannot become intelligent machines without "state awareness"（即使实现了“状态感知”，也必须满足其他条件才能实现。为了实现“状态感知”，需要各种“传感设备”。无论是智能制造、工业制造还是其他领域，都需要这些设备。4.0, Industrial Internet or Internet of Things are all inseparable from various sensors.

该传感器采用国家标准制造。GB7665-87To standardize and define: "A device or device that can sense the specified measured value and convert it into a usable output signal according to certain rules, usually composed of sensitive components and conversion components." The "available output signal" refers to an electrical signal that is easy to process and transmit. Generally, sensors are composed of three parts: sensitive components, conversion components and conversion circuits.

敏感部件其中，“具有传感功能的物质”是“传感装置”的“效应物质”。因此，传感器是由具有“传感功能的物质”的“效应物质”发展而来的。Without scientific effects (physical effects, chemical effects, etc.) substances as sensing devices, there would be no sensors.。

Common sensors include heat-sensitive sensors, light-sensitive sensors, temperature-sensitive sensors, force-sensitive sensors, gas-sensitive sensors, humidity-sensitive sensors, sound-sensitive sensors, magnetic sensors, taste-sensitive sensors, and radiation-sensitive sensors, totaling ten categories. Various sensors are shown in the picture2所示。

图2   各种传感器

(pictures from the Internet)近年来工业互联网/工业物联网的发展证明，高性能机械设备、低成本传感器、工业网络、互联网以及工业大数据采集分析技术的结合，能够有效提升现有行业的效率和效益，并催生新技术、新模式和新商业模式。其中一个关键因素是低成本传感器。近年来，传感器技术实现了跨越式发展，新型传感器层出不穷，成本不断降低，性能不断提升，这已成为传感器行业研发的常态。正是由于传感器成本持续下降，并已降至可大规模部署的成本水平，传感器的大规模应用才成为企业的首选。

GEThe company has a lot of experience it can learn from in terms of sensor applications. As early as2005年，GEIts aircraft engine company was reorganized intoGEAviation has begun to change its business model. The company's original business was only the production of aero engines. Later, it installed numerous sensors on aircraft to collect various parameters of the aircraft in real time. It used big data analysis technology to provide airlines with a complete set of solutions for operation and maintenance management, capacity assurance, operation optimization and financial planning, as well as various services such as safety controls and navigation predictions, which produced good economic benefits for the company.

以意大利航空为例，GEHundreds of sensors are installed on each of their aircraft, which can collect many data such as engine operation, temperature and fuel consumption in real time, and useGE经过软件的大量分析，意大利航空能够准确地提供理想的控制方法。145乘坐飞机一年可以省钱。1500数千美元的燃油成本。通过这些数据，还可以提前预测发动机故障的可能性，并进行主动预防性维护，从而避免航班延误、成本增加，甚至避免因机器故障造成的更严重的安全事故。

2013年份1月亮，GEIn a New York battery manufacturer, a total of1生产过程中，工厂使用了超过 10,000 个传感器来监测温度、能耗和气压等数据，工厂管理人员可以使用这些传感器。iPad的获取这些数据以监控生产情况并有效优化生产资源的分配。

传感器的低成本普及无疑降低了新一轮工业革命的巨大成本门槛，搭建了连接物理空间和数字空间的桥梁，使得时空信息能够持续转化为比特数据流。

3. 软件定义制造

Industrial software becomes the brain of the machine, algorithms/Computing power increases dramatically, software defines materials/元件/The spatial and temporal representation of the system.

尽管在许多大学和科研单位中，软件作为一个相对独立的专业进行研究，但作者认为，单独研究软件很容易脱离软件运行所依赖的硬件基础。data和决策The physical device controlled. Because software has never been an artifact that only has "computing" properties.

相反，它是一种具有更重要的“控制”属性的人工制品。。作为高度集成的数据、信息和知识的数字载体，软件Must survive and run in the chip。Software and chips form a symbiotic relationship芯片的功能和性能限制了软件的运行速度和可定义性。“对，能力--=, and the programmed instructions of the software continuously drive the gate circuits and field effect transistors in the chip to operate "on" and "off",因此该软件从诞生之日起就具备驱动芯片的“精度”。CPS“特征。

软件与芯片之间的关系既微妙又不断变化。过去，软件必须适应芯片，软件的开发必须基于芯片的限制；而如今，芯片的设计往往是为了更好地运行软件并最大限度地提高软件性能，也就是说，芯片是根据软件需求而开发的。

首先，芯片具有“容纳、计算和存储”软件的功能，而软件也具有“容纳、计算和存储”芯片的功能。“Assignment, empowerment, wisdom=角色。只有当软件和芯片各自的优势相匹配时，才能发挥最佳效益。软件和芯片结合在一起，形成一种融合体，一种“准-CPS", it's hard to say who "defines" who. But two points are obvious: software is the target of the powerful computing power of the chip. Without the support of the powerful computing power of the chip, it is difficult for the software to "empower" physical entities./The role of "empowering intelligence"; human knowledge contained in software is the source of "intelligence" of artificial systems. Without the logical guidance of various models and algorithmic knowledge in software, the powerful computing power of the chip will lose its use, and it will also be unable to form "empowerment" of physical entities./“智能”功能。

Secondly, the decisions and data generated by the software have precise control over the physical equipment.

by中央处理器以栅极电路中的场效应晶体管为例。在软件数字指令的驱动下，高电平（开启）/当前）是1低水平（关闭）/breaking current) is0, so the field effect transistor is constantly "turning on" at extremely high speeds./计算在“关闭”状态下进行，最后一组门电路输出计算后形成的一系列“关闭”状态。1/0"Arranged binary bit data, these bit data can be used to drive display devices (such as various display screens), or can be used to drive controllers in physical devices to allow machines or products to operate accurately, thus reflecting the software's control over chips, peripherals, and physical devices.

Early software was only used on computers, and the scope of the hardware only included some external devices such as display and printing. The results of the software operation only needed to be displayed on the hardware screen, which might be display data, curves or surfaces, or images or sounds. However, these calculation results did not need to form a "closed loop", as long as they could assist people in making decisions. Today, the scope of hardware has expanded to all industrial equipment connected to computers. The results of software operation are used to drive physical equipment and form a "closed loop" with the physical equipment (see the next section). That is, every subtle movement of the physical equipment is sensed and fed back to the software through sensors. The software performs calculations based on the "at this moment" working scenario of the physical equipment, makes decisions based on the embedded mechanism model or reasoning rules, and gives the next optimized and most accurate action instructions for the physical equipment. Therefore, the relationship between software, chips, and industrial equipment has become real-time, close, and colorful.

该软件根据驱动芯片进行计算，“软件”+Chips drive the operation of computer peripherals and develop into software+“芯片”驱动工业物理设备及其数字孪生体精确运行，使软件在物理设备中发挥强大的“决定性”作用。软件定义如今已成为制造业的一种技术现象：软件不仅定义了零件、材料，还定义了产品、工具、工艺、装配、生产线、生产流程、供应链、产品使用场景、产品维护和升级、客户、销售、企业以及所有可以定义的事物。

4. 信息化与信息化（软件闭环）的真正融合

比特包含原子，IT手牵手OT网络将物理学与工业软件给出的数字指令相结合，从而在时间和空间上精确控制物理设备。

“三体智能革命”中的“三体智能模型”=The two big cycles in the software have given us a good inspiration: we should re-understand software from the basic role of knowledge generation and knowledge flow, and understand why today's software is "closed loop".物理实体→有意识的人体→数字虚拟身体→物理实体This great cycle has clearly told us that in the past hundreds of thousands of years of interaction with the physical world, humans have accumulated a large amount of knowledge about understanding and transforming the world. When the interaction of two bodies (physical entity, conscious human body) evolves into the interaction of three bodies, the monotonous situation of "two bodies with one interface" has changed dramatically, turning into the complex situation of "three bodies with three interfaces".

物理实体→有意识的人体→数字虚拟身体→物理实体The big cycle is actually a particularly important knowledge cycle. It forms a closed loop for software and is the only way to move from conventional software to industrial software. It is also the origin of the connotation of software definition.

Combining the views put forward by Dr. An Xiaopeng, executive member of the Conference of 100 Information Technology, in the article "Future Industry from a Software Perspective", the author provides a logical closed loop to realize software empowerment and enablement based on the knowledge flow cycle of the three-body intelligent model: physical world operation → operation regularization (mapped to human consciousness activities) → regular modeling → model algorithmization → algorithm coding (entering the digital virtual body) → code softwareization → software optimization of the operation of the physical world (and human behavior), as shown in the figure3所示。

图片3 从三体智能模型到软件定义模型

在图片里3在一个逻辑闭环中，我们对人类在与物理世界长期互动中积累的知识进行整理和总结，找出物理世界（包括材料、设备等）的运行规律，然后将这些知识数字化，基于工业软件建立比特数据自动流动的规则，再利用自动流动的比特数据将这些知识传递到需要的地方，从而为机器或人提供正确且普遍适用的知识。在系统内外存在不确定性、工作场景复杂且资源受限的情况下，通过不断重复“状态感知、实时分析、自主决策、精准执行和学习改进”的智能过程，在正确的时间，将正确的数据以正确的版本提供给正确的人和机器，这样你就可以第一次就把事情做对、做到最好，甚至下次做得更好。。(author1997年份翻译 波音公司存在DCAC/MRMProject information, including "4个人右”：正确的数据，正确的版本，正确的时间，合适的人，Compiled from its original meaning)

Entering digital virtuality with human knowledge, using digital virtuality as the basic connotation of software definition, emphasizing the "closed-loop" characteristics of today's software that are different from traditional software - accurately controlling the shape of machine equipment and the microstructure of materials with software-defined bit data flow is the core content of intelligent manufacturing. Today's software no longer only appears to assist human decision-making, but in an autonomous manner, transcending the human body./The human brain directly drives the operation of physical devices.

软件闭环实现了信息化与信息化的真正融合，创造了智能制造。/工业互联网的使能技术CPS（网络物理系统）。在软件定义的影响下，CPS它可以精确控制每个材料原子的位置以及原子间的相对位置（晶格），精确控制每个成型零件以及零件间的相对位置，并精确控制每台机器设备的运行、周期、时间和能耗。这已成为新工业革命最重要的目标。

5. Optimize the allocation of manufacturing resources on a large scale

基于工业互联网，我们可以在多个领域（而不是单个领域）和大规模（而不是小规模）实现制造资源的优化配置。

存在2017年份11月亮27日本国务院发布了《关于深化互联网》+《关于发展先进制造业工业互联网的指导意见》指出：“工业互联网是一场以数字化、联网和智能化为特征的新工业革命。关键基础设施加快其发展有利于加速智能制造的发展, with greater range, higher efficiency, and more precisionOptimize production and service resource allocation, promote the transformation and upgrading of traditional industries, spawn new technologies, new business formats, and new models, and provide new momentum for the construction of a manufacturing power.

=以往20In 2016, companies implemented many digital/Information transformation projects have incorporated many enterprise information systems, but their scope of action is often "one factory, one workshop," and the optimal allocation of manufacturing resources is limited to local areas./就这家企业的小规模范围而言，对于需要大规模配置优化的制造资源，由于时间和空间的严格限制，往往没有好的解决方案。

The purpose of the Industrial Internet is to achieve "larger scale, higher efficiency, and more preciseOptimize production and service resource allocation由此诞生的新型工业网络是实现智能制造的关键基础设施。工业互联网帮助企业突破……The invisible, intangible, and insurmountable "wall" between the physical world and the digital world has broken through the time and space limitations that severely restricted enterprises in the past.

工业云平台是工业互联网的初始阶段和基本形式。Gradually running the enterprise's R&D tools, core business systems, key equipment, etc. on the cloud can maximize the convenience of integration between various systems under a unified cloud architecture, allowing data to flow smoothly and automatically between various systems through the cloud, promoting mutual interconnection and interoperability. This can not only effectively improve operational efficiency and implement refined management, but also optimize the allocation of enterprise resources within a wide range, thereby generating economic benefits and comprehensively improving the overall management level of the enterprise. Nowadays, most industrial Internet platforms are installed on private clouds, public clouds or hybrid clouds.

When more and more industrial elements enter the Industrial Internet, most supply chains will also become part of the Industrial Internet. according toIBMA report released shows that in the "software-defined supply chain" environment, under the industrial Internet platform and industrialAPP在...的支持下90%, business operation and management costs are greatly reduced.

The industrial Internet has been used to connect industrial elements on a large scale and has achieved many tangible results: For example, the "New Energy Industry Industrial Internet Platform" developed by Qinghai Guodian Green Energy Company accesses data every second at the perception layer.About 3600 items,28The power station is connected to the platform and realizes "no one on duty and few people on duty" through centralized monitoring, saving operating personnel costs for power generation enterprises.40%;友业公司是一家位于山东的生产企业30010,000万吨级钢铁企业已实施事智Industrial Internet platform, one year saved4000Ten thousand yuan;东方国信公司将国内1000在炼铁高炉中310The base is connected to the ironmaking big data intelligent interconnection platform to reduce smelting energy consumption.3%~10%，Improve labor productivity5%Above, reduce safety accidents60%; After Shugen Internet implemented the Genyun Industrial Internet platform for an injection molding machine equipment manufacturing company, the factory’s equipment failure was “discovered.-“回应”期从1工时及以上减少至15Within minutes, shorten response time75%到达时间缩短了50%, and provide customers with transparency in the processing process to improve customer satisfaction.50%上图：曲靖卷烟厂基于华龙迅达的木星工业互联网平台，构建了一座卷烟数字化工厂，有效运营率从89%升起到96%, spare parts inventory takes up funds from1.2100百万/year falls to0.38100百万/year, every100The cost of 10,000 large boxes is less than that of enterprises of the same size0.6100百万/年份北京智通公司为一家乳品集团实施了智通工业互联网，以提高机器效率。15%质量追溯时间从几小时缩短到几分钟，质量分析的有效性得到提高。50%, the number of statistical inspection personnel in the workshop decreased50%生产和记录劳动力减少80%，等等。

The connection of large-scale industrial factors gives enterprises the possibility to optimize the allocation of manufacturing resources at the large system level, and thus obtains better corporate management and control capabilities, which effectively promotes the transformation and upgrading of enterprises.

6。 总结

以智能化为标志的新工业革命给全球产业转型升级带来了前所未有的机遇，提供了巨大的驱动力，创造了无数新技术、新模式和新商业形式，也产生了新工业时代的诸多特征。

经过作者多年来对许多国家新工业革命的观察和耐心梳理，我发现新工业时代的诸多特征（数以百计）可以归纳为以下五点：
⑴ "Human intelligence" turns to "wit" - human knowledge continues to enter software, the knowledge carrier shifts from mainly carbon-based knowledge to mainly silicon-based knowledge, and digital productivity surges;
⑵ Low-cost and popularization of sensors - sensors add "features" to machines, greatly enhance machine perception capabilities, and accelerate the digitization of physical space information;
⑶软件定义制造——工业软件成为机器的大脑和算法/Computing power increases dramatically, software defines materials/元件/spatiotemporal representation of the system;
⑷两者的真正融合（软件闭环）——比特包含原子，IT手牵手OT网络融合物理学中，软件给出的数字指令可以跨越时间和空间精确控制物理设备；
⑸ Optimize the allocation of manufacturing resources on a large scale - based on the industrial Internet, realize the optimal allocation of manufacturing resources in multiple domains instead of a single domain, and in a large scale rather than a small scale.

若不明确新工业革命的基本特征，企业就无法实施智能制造。清晰理解以上五项基本特征，才能使企业尽快进入智能制造的快车道。

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