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全球6G研發概覽
01概述
行動通訊技術現已發展到第五代(5G)。在其發展歷程中,2G/3G實現了基本的行動連接,而部署最廣泛的4G則透過智慧終端的普及帶來了巨大的數據吞吐量,並改變了用戶的生活方式。 5G在全面商用之前就已備受關注。其目標不僅在於提升傳統用戶的商業體驗,更在於將行動通訊與垂直產業結合,進而大大拓展行動通訊業務領域。儘管5G在全球範圍內仍處於部署初期,與垂直行業的合作也剛剛起步,但未來隨著部署和服務的不斷成熟,它必將為移動通信市場帶來繁榮,並加速各行業乃至整個社會的數位化進程。
儘管5G的系統指標和能力已大幅提升,應用場景也日益多元化,但仍存在一些限制。展望未來,推動行動通訊網路持續演進的動力依然強大。一方面,人工智慧、區塊鏈、雲端運算等新興ICT技術以及新材料、新天線等新工藝的出現,推動了這一進程;另一方面,隨著終端多樣化發展和各行業數字化水平的提升,全息、沉浸式XR、觸覺互聯網、智能工廠等服務不斷湧現,不僅對速度、延遲、連接數、覆蓋範圍等傳統性能、新定位的需求,也提出了更高的需求,以及新定位的需求。因此,對下一代行動通訊的願景、需求和技術的研究正在逐步展開。鑑於5G為社會帶來的巨大變革和新增經濟價值,世界各國和產業鏈都高度重視行動通訊技術。不僅主要的標準組織、學術界,甚至許多相關的國家機構和產業都已開始進行前期研究,目標是在未來 10 年內,也就是 2030 年,建立一個成熟的技術體系,以便能夠擁有一個成熟的技術體系來滿足新的業務需求,同時提高自身的競爭力。
本文以下一代行動通訊技術——6G系統為重點,梳理了主要全球標準組織、區域和國家組織以及大學研究機構的研究背景和相關進展,分析了當前無線側和網路側的潛在技術方向及其帶來的技術優勢,最後總結了6G的發展歷程,並對6G的願景和總體發展方向提出了思考。
02全球6G研究現狀
2.1 國際與區域組織
2.1.1 International Telecommunications Union (ITU)
The Telecommunications Standardization Sector Study Group 13 (ITU-T SG13) under the International Telecommunications Union is committed to future network research and established the NET-2030 Network Focus Group in July 2018 to explore network service needs for 2030 and beyond. The focus group has three sub-groups, including application scenarios and requirements, network services and technologies, and architecture and infrastructure. It released two white papers in 2019, focusing on application scenarios and new service capabilities of the 2030 network. It proposed a variety of new scenarios such as holographic and tactile Internet, as well as current network gaps and services that require the most attention in future networks.
此外,國際電信聯盟(ITU)無線電通訊部門5D工作小組(ITU-R WP5D)於2020年2月在瑞士日內瓦召開會議,啟動了2030年及未來(6G)的研究工作。會議制定了6G研究初步計劃,包括未來技術趨勢研究報告、未來技術願景提案和其他重要規劃節點。在本次會議上,ITU啟動了《未來技術趨勢報告》的編寫工作,該報告計劃於2022年6月完成。報告闡述了5G之後IMT系統的技術演進方向,包括IMT演進技術、高頻譜效率技術和部署。此外,ITU還計劃於2021年上半年啟動《未來技術願景提案》,並於2023年6月完成。該提案包含2030年及未來IMT系統的總體目標,例如應用場景、主要係統能力等。目前,ITU尚未確定6G標準的製定計畫。
2.1.2 電機電子工程師協會(IEEE)
IEEE launched future network research with the goal of "realizing 5G and beyond" in August 2018. On March 25, 2019, the world's first 6G Wireless Summit sponsored by IEEE was held in Finland. Many participating representatives from industry and academia published the latest insights and innovations on 6G, and discussed the theoretical and practical challenges that need to be addressed to realize the 6G vision. The papers and reports of the conference covered many technologies such as 6G scenario imagination, millimeter waves and terahertz, smart connections, edge AI, machine wireless communications, etc. The second 6G Wireless Summit was also held online in 2020, with keynote speeches, technical meetings and related demonstrations by industry, operators, research institution scholars and stakeholders. The 6G Summit is a global technology event, with the goal of clarifying the vision and development direction of 6G through the collective efforts of various industries.
2.1.3 第三代合作夥伴計畫(3GPP)
3GPP's current version under development, R17, is still an evolution and enhancement of 5G features, but demand group SA1 has started related projects for future services, including smart grids, tactile communications, etc., which is likely to make a smooth transition to the next generation of mobile communication systems. According to current progress and plans, 3GPP will most likely start work on 6G vision, technology, and requirements in R19 (2023), and start 6G standardization work in R21 or later stages.
2.1.4 6G旗艦
由芬蘭財團贊助、奧盧大學主導的6G旗艦計畫於2019年啟動,致力於提供「近乎瞬時、無限無線連接」的標準化通訊技術。 2019年9月,該計畫發佈白皮書《6G普適無線智慧的關鍵驅動因素與研究挑戰》,初步解答了6G將如何改變人們的生活、其技術特性以及需要解決的技術難題等問題。白皮書內容涵蓋6G願景、驅動力、應用和服務。無線研究方向著重於人工智慧、新型免授權存取、訊號整形、類比調變、大規模智慧表面等,並分析了無線硬體的進展和困難。網路研究方向則著重於信任鏈的建構。
2.2 國家視角和佈局
2.2.1 歐盟
The European Union launched a consultation on the 6th generation mobile communications (6G) technology research and development project in 2017, aiming to commercialize 6G technology in 2030. At the same time, the European Union has launched a three-year 6G basic technology research project. The main task is to study next-generation forward error correction coding technology, advanced channel coding and channel modulation technology that can be used in 6G communication networks. The EU Horizon 2020 organization will also launch a 6G research project on "intelligent networks and services", which is currently in the preliminary demonstration and pre-research stage.In addition, the EU actively funds universities and research institutions, including the National Technical Research Center of Finland and the University of Oulu, focusing on future application scenarios and technical directions such as terahertz, wireless broadband access, edge intelligence, and codecs.
2.2.2 美國
美國政府高度重視6G技術,並持續在太赫茲和空地融合技術領域投入研發。 2019年3月,美國聯邦通訊委員會(FCC)公佈了美國太赫茲頻段的頻譜分配方案:95GHz至3THz。 FCC認為6G將邁向太赫茲時代。隨著網路密度的不斷提高,基於太赫茲和區塊鏈的動態頻譜共享技術和太空復用技術正成為新的技術趨勢。美國紐約大學、加州大學及維吉尼亞理工大學等大學均已進行太赫茲及其他6G相關方向的預研工作。此外,SpaceX、OneWeb、亞馬遜等公司也已啟動衛星互聯網計劃,將其作為後續6G技術的潛在使能技術。
2.2.3 日本
日本政府計劃透過公私合作制定未來6G的綜合發展策略。經濟產業省已設立總額達220億元人民幣的專款,用於啟動國家重點項目,推動6G研發。該基金由東京大學校長擔任主席,東芝等科技巨頭提供技術支援。日本目前在太赫茲領域擁有獨特優勢,並將太赫茲技術列為「國家支柱技術十大戰略目標」之首。 NTT集團積極推動太赫茲和軌道角動量這兩項B5G和6G相關技術的研發。此外,日本也將採用「光半導體」作為6G的資訊處理技術。 NTT表示,將與65家公司合作,力爭在2030年前實現6G光半導體的量產。
2.2.4 韓國
South Korea's 6G research is mainly concentrated in enterprises and university research institutions, including Samsung, SK, LG Electronics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, etc. Among them, LG Electronics has cooperated with Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology to establish a 6G research center; the Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications has signed a memorandum with the University of Oulu in Finland to develop 6G network technology. SK Telecom has signed agreements with Finland's Nokia and Sweden's Ericsson to strengthen cooperation in 6G network research and development. In June 2019, Samsung established an Advanced Communications Research Center and began research on 6G networks. In July 2020, Samsung released a 6G vision white paper "6G: The Next Hyper Connected Experience for All", which covers Samsung's 6G vision, evolution trends, application scenarios, indicator requirements, candidate technologies and expected standardization schedule.
2.2.5 中國
2019年2019月,科技部召開6G技術研發工作啟動會,宣布成立全國6G技術研發推動工作小組及整體專家小組。其中,推進工作小組負責推動6G技術研發工作的落實;整體專家小組負責提出6G技術研發局建議及技術示範方案,並為重大決策提供諮詢與建議。同年,工業與資訊化部也成立了6G研究組(後更名為IMT-2030),該研究組匯集了產業界和高校的力量,涵蓋需求、無線和網路技術等領域,並加強了前瞻性願景要求和技術研究,旨在明確6G推進思路和重點方向。
03Potential research directions
下一代行動通訊的研究離不開新技術和新網路架構的探討。本章整理了各大機構、大專院校和科研單位目前的研究重點,並將其分為三大類:新頻譜、新的無線側技術以及新的網路架構和網路能力。本章主要介紹了以6G系統為導向的技術特性和必要性,為後續更豐富、更有系統的研究工作提供了基礎參考。
3.1 新光譜
未來,業務類型和使用者群體將更加多元化,對網路效能的要求也將越來越高。目前,低頻段資源已逐漸充分利用,因此,將頻譜擴展到更高頻段將成為6G的研究方向。目前業界關注度較高的頻譜包括太赫茲頻段和可見光頻段。
太赫茲是指頻率範圍在100 GHz至10 THz之間,波長範圍為0.03~3 mm的電磁輻射。它介於無線電波和光波之間,具有資訊量豐富、脈衝寬度小於1皮秒、時空相干性高、光子能量低、穿透力強、使用安全性高、方向性好、頻寬高等特性。根據覆蓋距離,太赫茲通訊應用可分為兩類:遠距離覆蓋應用,例如大容量無線前傳/回傳、無線資料中心、空間應用等,涵蓋距離可達數百公尺至數公里;近距離覆蓋應用,例如短距離點對點通訊、晶片通訊、健康監測、奈米級物聯網等,覆蓋距離可達毫米至公尺。目前太赫茲研究的關鍵問題在於核心元件的開發以及靈活動態的空中介面設計。
可見光波段的頻譜範圍為420~780 THz,波長範圍為380~780 nm,無須授權即可使用。可見光通訊(VLC)具有照明與通訊結合、無電磁幹擾、綠色環保等優點。因此,VLC是解決近距離幹預問題的重要手段,被認為是未來通訊系統的可選技術。 VLC的主要應用場景包括室內無線存取、室內定位、室內導航、智慧交通、航空領域應用、設備間資料共享、高速資訊傳輸、水下通訊、資訊安全等。然而,目前可見光通訊產業鏈尚不成熟,瓶頸在於行動終端的可見光收發元件。
3.2 New wireless side technology
3.2.1 大型智慧表面
在以往的行動通訊系統中,許多無線技術致力於更適應不斷變化的無線通道環境,並採用最佳化的收發器設計(例如波形方案、編碼方案、時頻和空域傳輸機制等)來提升系統容量。過去,對電磁波的控制僅限於發射機和接收機。然而,近年來,智慧超表面的出現使得通道環境的電磁特性能夠被靈活控制,這引起了學術界和工業界的廣泛關注。智慧超表面是一種具有可程式電磁特性的人工電磁表面結構,通常由新型可程式超材料構成。智慧超表面可以透過數位編碼主動、智慧地調控電磁波,形成具有可控振幅、相位、極化和頻率的電磁場。這種機制為智慧超表面的物理電磁世界與資訊科學的數位世界之間提供了一個介面。智慧超表面技術的優點還包括低功耗、低硬體成本、無自乾擾、配置靈活以及廣泛應用。它能夠根據不同的應用場景,透過反射、透射、散射等方式即時控制電磁波束,改變無線環境,提升有效訊號質量,從而達到擴大覆蓋範圍、提高系統容量、簡化設計的目的。這對於未來行動通訊的發展尤其具有吸引力。
3.2.2 新的編碼和波形
In the previous evolution of mobile systems, from 4G to 5G, the peak rate increased by more than 10 times. It can be predicted that in the next generation of mobile systems, the rate growth trend will still be maintained or even accelerated. The decoding throughput requirement reaches more than 100 Gbps, and the decoding algorithm and error correction code need to be redesigned to improve decoding parallelism. At the same time, reliability requirements are gradually increasing, requiring coding to have a lower error level and optimizing related designs. Coding technologies that are currently being studied more include Spinal coding technology, index modulation technology, and nonlinear precoding. At the same time, artificial intelligence is also gradually attracting attention in coding. In addition, in 5G systems, waveform design can be flexibly adapted to different application scenarios. In the future, 6G will support more complex scenarios and services, and performance indicators will also be greatly improved. The design and introduction of new waveforms is imperative. Current research includes design based on non-orthogonal waveforms, transform domain waveform design, etc. New coding and waveforms will play an important role in future systems and are technical directions that need to be explored.
3.3 新的網路架構和網路功能
3.3.1 空間、地面、空中和海洋的整合
Satellite communications play a vital role in improving life in today's digital economy. Compared with terrestrial networks, satellite networks have complete earth surface coverage, advanced mobility, high security and reliability, and long-distance transmission delay guarantees. Combining satellites, aircraft and ground networks to achieve three-dimensional and heterogeneous network interconnection can achieve wide-range, large-capacity, and huge-connection information distribution and interaction, meet special scenarios such as limited rural area connections, airspace and sea area connections, and disaster management, achieve global seamless coverage and senseless handover, and provide guarantees for next-generation mobile communication coverage and connection requirements. The technical challenges faced by the current technical system include highly dynamic changes in transmission links, complex spatiotemporal behavior of the network, and large differences in heterogeneous business scales. Technical breakthroughs in simultaneous air, space and ground integrated networking, transmission theory, optimized scheduling, and intelligent collaboration also require great technological breakthroughs.
3.3.2 確定性網絡
確定性網路(DetNet)最初是一項旨在實現IP網路從「盡力而為」向「準時、準確、快速」轉型的技術,它控制並降低了端到端延遲。該技術最初面向工業、能源和車聯網等對網路低延遲、可靠性和穩定性要求極高的垂直產業。目前由IEEE開發的TSN標準提供了乙太網路的確定性,而IETF成立的確定性網路工作小組致力於將TSN技術擴展到路由器,並擴大網路規模。未來,隨著行動終端及其承載的業務類型日益多樣化,「確定性」需求,例如高精度時間同步、絕對端到端延遲上限以及超可靠的零丟包資料包傳輸,將成為下一代行動系統的基本要求。無線側是實現行動系統端到端確定性的關鍵。無線傳輸易受環境影響,傳輸品質難以保證。在5G時代,3GPP標準制定了TSN與5G融合的方案。 5G系統作為TSN橋樑,以黑盒方式進行架構整合。然而,兩者仍然是獨立的系統,難以完全保證TSN的性能。未來,在下一代行動通訊系統中,將充分考慮業務特性,以實現對6G的確定性原生支援。相關的技術方案和架構體系需要進一步完善。
3.3.3 Cloud native
雲端原生是指應用程式部署在雲端伺服器上,並具有容器化、微服務、持續交付和DevOps等特性。這些技術可以建構一個鬆散耦合、容錯、易管理、易監控的系統。在5G時代,核心網路是基於服務導向的架構,這使得使用通用伺服器更容易實現網路功能,並在資料中心實現雲端化效果。然而,目前的5G核心網路部署仍缺乏容器化和微服務等特性。未來,為了建立靈活、可擴展、快速創新和線上的網路服務,雲端原生可能是合適的解決方案。雖然行動網路中的傳統無線設備一直高度封閉,網路功能對即時效能的要求極高,但與雲端原生行動網路相關的研究和探索一直在推進。相信隨著技術和產業的不斷成熟,雲端原生的優勢將在未來充分發揮,從而建立靈活、彈性的新型網路架構。
3.3.4 普適智能
人工智慧的持續繁榮正在革新各個技術領域,而人工智慧與下一代行動網路的融合已成為不可阻擋的趨勢。目前,通訊領域人工智慧融合的主流方式是利用數據採集和人工智慧演算法在系統部署後進行業務優化,但其應用程度和範圍仍然有限。未來,隨著網路架構的不斷演進和普適連接的不斷發展,人工智慧可以更緊密地融入網路的各個方面,不僅部署在雲端,還將滲透到邊緣和終端,不僅用於特定業務的智慧優化,還將更廣泛地融入系統設計的各個環節,包括網路部署、演算法設計和算力分配。智慧將更廣泛地嵌入網絡,實現真正的智慧普適,全面提升未來行動網路的能力。
3.3.5 內生安全性
Future new business visions and network architectures, including immersive XR, holography, air-space-ground integrated ubiquitous connections, AI, etc., will introduce more attack points and bring more challenges to security. The traditional security defense model is a patch type, that is, after the system is built, through isolated security design, stacking, and reinforcement, it is a passive protection model, which is inefficient and uneconomical. Therefore, future mobile networks must explore new security models. Endogenous security is based on attributes such as cohesion, collaboration, and nativeness, making security characterized by native creation and symbiotic evolution. Network security is managed through the aggregation of different security protocols and security mechanisms. At the same time, security protection capabilities have independent driving force to adapt to network changes synchronously or even prospectively, so as to derive the inherent robust defense of the network. It is no longer a passive response to security threats and can play an important role in the future 6G network.
04總結
6G network is a network that will be oriented to 2030 and beyond. Although it is currently in the initial stage of research, it can still be initially glimpsed from the evolution trends of business and technology. 6G network needs to support higher bandwidth, stricter certainty, wider and deeper coverage of future services, and at the same time, consider providing smarter, safer, and more flexible network services. This article sorts out the progress and potential technical directions of research institutions for 6G. Although the current 6G route is not clear yet, and the potential directions also have problems in theory, physical implementation, and networking. However, with the continuous investment in scientific research and the continuous advancement of the industry, it is believed that the next generation of mobile communication systems will definitely bring more dimensional changes and deeper subversion!
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